牧羊人

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=9810
1. Do the Extra-Repository thing - (look at starter guide)
2. TYPE: sudo apt-get install ogle
3. TYPE: sudo apt-get install ogle-gui
4. Install libdvdcss2 - (look at starter guide)

Install libdvdcss2 and w32 video codecs in Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/intrepid.list --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install medibuntu-keyring
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install w32codecs libdvdcss2

5. Restart gnome

http://www.ubuntugeek.com/install-mplayer-and-multimedia-codecs-libdvdcss2w32codecsw64codecs-in-ubuntu-810-intrepid-ibex.html
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu intrepid universe multiverse
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mplayer

到 找出 Ubuntu 8.10 對應的版本(intrepid)後, 將
## The R Project for Statistical Computing
deb http://cran.csie.ntu.edu.tw/bin/linux/ubuntu intrepid/
加入 /etc/apt/sources.list
%apt-get update

[Error_START]
W: GPG error: http://cran.cs.pu.edu.tw intrepid/ Release: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY D67FC6EAE2A11821
W: You may want to run apt-get update to correct these problems
使用
%gpg --keyserver hkp://subkeys.pgp.net --recv-keys D67FC6EAE2A11821
得到 D67FC6EAE2A11821 ==> E2A11821
gpg: requesting key E2A11821 from hkp server subkeys.pgp.net
gpg: key E2A11821: "Vincent Goulet " not changed
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: unchanged: 1
%gpg --armor --export E2A11821| apt-key add -
OK
[Error_END]

%apt-get install r-base

Reference: http://www.busfly.cn/post/Ubuntu-cmd.html

Ubuntu常用命令與技巧
sudo apt－get install 軟件名 安裝軟件命令
sudo nautilus 打開文件（有root權限）
su root 切換到「root」

ls 列出當前目錄文件（不包括隱含文件）
ls -a 列出當前目錄文件（包括隱含文件）
ls -l 列出當前目錄下文件的詳細信息

cd .. 回當前目錄的上一級目錄
cd - 回上一次所在的目錄
cd ~ 或 cd 回當前用戶的宿主目錄
mkdir 目錄名 創建一個目錄
rmdir 空目錄名 刪除一個空目錄
rm 文件名 文件名 刪除一個文件或多個文件
rm -rf 非空目錄名 刪除一個非空目錄下的一切

mv 路經/文件 /經/文件 移動相對路經下的文件到絕對路經下
mv 文件名 新名稱 在當前目錄下改名
find 路經 -name 「字符串」 查找路經所在範圍內滿足字符串匹配的文件和目錄

fdisk fdisk -l 查看系統分區信息
fdisk fdisk /dev/sdb 為一塊新的SCSI硬盤進行分區
chown chown root /home 把/home的屬主改成root用戶
chgrp chgrp root /home 把/home的屬組改成root組

Useradd 創建一個新的用戶
Groupadd 組名 創建一個新的組
Passwd 用戶名 為用戶創建密碼
Passwd -d用戶名 刪除用戶密碼也能登陸
Passwd -S用戶名 查詢賬號密碼
Usermod -l 新用戶名 老用戶名 為用戶改名
Userdel–r 用戶名 刪除用戶一切

tar -c 創建包 –x 釋放包 -v 顯示命令過程 –z 代表壓縮包
tar –cvf benet.tar /home/benet 把/home/benet目錄打包
tar –zcvf benet.tar.gz /mnt 把目錄打包並壓縮
tar –zxvf benet.tar.gz 壓縮包的文件解壓恢復
tar –jxvf benet.tar.bz2 解壓縮

make 編譯
make install 安裝編譯好的源碼包
reboot Init 6 重啟LINUX系統
Halt Init 0 Shutdown –h now 關閉LINUX系統

uname -a 查看內核版本
cat /etc/issue 查看ubuntu版本
lsusb 查看usb設備
sudo ethtool eth0 查看網卡狀態
cat /proc/cpuinfo 查看cpu信息
lshw 查看當前硬件信息
sudo fdisk -l 查看磁盤信息
df -h 查看硬盤剩餘空間
free -m 查看當前的內存使用情況
ps -A 查看當前有哪些進程
kill 進程號(就是ps -A中的第一列的數字)或者 killall 進程名( 殺死一個進程)
kill -9 進程號 強制殺死一個進程

常用apt命令：

apt-cache search package 搜索包
apt-cache show package 獲取包的相關信息，如說明、大小、版本等
sudo apt-get install package 安裝包
sudo apt-get install package - - reinstall 重新安裝包
sudo apt-get -f install 修復安裝」-f = –fix-missing」
sudo apt-get remove package 刪除包
sudo apt-get remove package - - purge 刪除包，包括刪除配置文件等
sudo apt-get update 更新源
sudo apt-get upgrade 更新已安裝的包
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 升級系統
sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade 使用 dselect 升級
apt-cache depends package 瞭解使用依賴
apt-cache rdepends package 是查看該包被哪些包依賴
sudo apt-get build-dep package 安裝相關的編譯環境
apt-get source package 下載該包的源代碼
sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean 清理無用的包
sudo apt-get check 檢查是否有損壞的依賴

清理所有軟件緩存（即緩存在/var/cache/apt/archives目錄裡的deb包 ）
sudo apt-get clean
刪除系統不再使用的孤立軟件
sudo apt-get autoremove

# cd EMBOSS-latest
# ./configure
# make check => Errors occur!

Ref:
http://emboss.open-bio.org/pipermail/emboss/2007-July/003055.html
http://ubuntu-cloud.blogspot.com/2007/12/qtx11-install-in-ubuntu.html

Error Message:
...
In file included from xwin.c:34:
plxwd.h:22:22: error: X11/Xlib.h: No such file or directory
plxwd.h:23:23: error: X11/Xutil.h: No such file or directory
plxwd.h:24:28: error: X11/cursorfont.h: No such file or directory
plxwd.h:25:24: error: X11/keysym.h: No such file or directory
...

Solution:
# sudo apt-get install libx11-dev // for getting X11/Xlib.h, Xutil.h, cursorfont.h, and keysym.h; now those four files will be in /usr/include/X11/

# make check // need a while, but everything goes great
# make
# make install

Testing...
Usage Error:
embossversion: error while loading shared libraries: libnucleus.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Reference: http://emboss.open-bio.org/pipermail/emboss/2004-July.txt
Solution: Add 'export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH' to ~/.bashrc (N.B., by using # locate libnucleus.so.6, you could find your own directory; instead, my directory to store libnucleus.so.6 is '/usr/local/lib')
# embossversion
Writes the current EMBOSS version number to a file
6.0.1

http://www.bluelee.cn/blog/?p=87

1.將/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini中的session.auto_start的值改為1(啟動)，默認是0(禁用)。
2.在/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini找到session.save_path 這一行,設成 session.save_path = /var/lib/php/session
3.#chown vuser:vgroup /var/lib/php/session 修改該目錄的所屬用戶和組，改為apache的啟動用戶和組即可，並要有寫入的權限。
3.1. mkdir /var/lib/php
3.2. mkdir /var/lib/php/session
3.3. chown www-data:www-data /var/lib/php/session (N.B., www-data is the apache2 account in Ubuntu 8.10.)

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6374990

http://www.ducea.com/2006/08/07/how-to-change-the-hostname-of-a-linux-system/

sudo vim /etc/hostname to NEW_HOSTNAME
sudo /etc/init.d/hostname.sh start

http://www.chinaunix.net/jh/25/506179.html

http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0440processcontrol.php
Use 'ps -efjc' to find out the PID of your Daemon, and then use 'kill -9 PID' to kill the corresponding Daemon

http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?start-stop-daemon+8
start-stop-daemon - start and stop system daemon programs

related to upload_max_filesize & post_max_size in php.ini

change max_allowed_packet to avoid "DBD::mysql::db do failed: Got a packet bigger than 'max_allowed_packet' bytes..." error.

It is supposed to be

memory_limit > post_max_size > upload_max_filesize

and

usually post_max_size = 2*upload_max_filesize

http://hi.baidu.com/ship/blog/item/ac8ca61e34e10f1d41341758.html
http://www.wretch.cc/blog/peicheng/13609788

sudo apt-get install vim-full
cp /etc/vim/vimrc ~/.vimrc
vi ~/.vimrc
將 syntax on 前的 '' 拿掉即可

Session (Choose the session you want to connect with)
Window-〉Appearance-〉Font settings-〉Change...-〉字型(F):-〉標楷體
Window-〉Translation-〉Character set tranlation on recieved data-〉UTF-8
Session-〉Save

http://www.imusm.net/wp/archives/386
apt-get install apache2
/etc/init.d/apache2 start (啟動apache試試看)
/etc/init.d/apache2 stop (成功的話就先關掉吧)

apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart (重新啟用一下Apache套用新的php支援的更新)

apt-get install mysql-server
這個動作中間會要求你輸入root(mysql的管理者帳號)的密碼
apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql php5-mysql phpmyadmin
這個動件中間會確認你phpmyadmin要支援的http伺服器版本,請選擇」apache2〞囉
要在apache2的地方按空白鍵做選擇
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart(最後重啟apache套用最後的套件更新囉)

mv /var/www/index.html /var/www/index.html.bk
ln -sf /usr/share/phpmyadmin /var/www/phpmyadmin

移除當使用者輸入不當URL時，顯示出目錄下的目錄列表
http://jonnyubuntu.blogspot.com/2008/03/apacheindexes.html
刪除 /etc/apache2/sites-available/default 中的 Indexes 來停用目錄列表之功能
寄得重新啟動 apache2
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FreeNX

vim /etc/apt/sources.list
Adding
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu intrepid main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu intrepid main
to the end of the file [plz refer to Ubuntu 的命名 about "intrepid"]

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
aptitude install freenx

http://yblog.org/archive/index.php/9324
Ubuntu版本的命名規則是根據正式版發行的年月來命名的，Ubuntu 8.10顧名思義就是2008年10月發行的Ubuntu，其代號為Intrepid Ibex，是「無畏的野山羊」，為基於Debian開發的Linux發行版，Debian的開發代號來源於電影《玩具總動員》，而Ubuntu歷來幾個版本都是以形容詞加上動物名稱來命名的，而且兩個字當中第一個字母一定是一樣的。比方說：
Ubuntu 4.10 - Warty Warthog(長疣的疣豬)
Ubuntu 5.04 - Hoary Hedgehog(灰白的刺蝟)
Ubuntu 5.10 - Breezy Badger(活潑的獾)
Ubuntu 6.06 - Dapper Drake(整潔的公鴨)
Ubuntu 6.10 - Edgy Eft(急躁的水蜥)
Ubuntu 7.04 - Feisty Fawn(勇敢的小花鹿)
Ubuntu 7.10 - Gutsy Gibbon(有種的長臂猿)
Ubuntu 8.04 - Hardy Heron(堅忍的蒼鷺)
Ubuntu 8.10 - Intrepid Ibex (無畏的野山羊)
Ubuntu 9.04 - Jaunty Jackalope (快活的鹿角兔)

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FreeNX

vim /etc/apt/sources.list
Adding
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu intrepid main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/freenx-team/ubuntu intrepid main
to the end of the file [plz refer to Ubuntu 的命名 about "intrepid"]

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
aptitude install freenx

Problems occurred after upgrading from 7.10 to 8.04

Q: locate: can not open '/var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db': No such file or directory
A: sudo updatedb [https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/mlocate/+bug/204357]

Q: Using perl script to connect mysql: Can't connect to MySQL server on 'mysql_server_ip' (111) at DBI.pl line X
A: comment out ''bind-address = 127.0.0.1'' in /etc/mysql/my.cnf [https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/mysql-admin/+bug/155274], and then /etc/init.d/mysql restart (restart mysql)

Name: Network Manager
Command: nm-applet --sm-disable
Comment: Network Manager applet

Additional
Name: Network Manager Gnome
Command: nm-applet
Comment: Network Manager applet

I have occurred "Media change: please insert the disc labeled 'Ubuntu 7.10 _Gutsy Gibbon_ - Release i386 (20071016)' in the drive '/cdrom/' and press enter" when installing pptp-linux by apt-get.

Comment out all the "deb cdrom:" lines in /etc/apt/sources.list

Upgrade from 7.04 to 7.1
Q: Lost connection to MySQL server at 'reading initial communication packet', system error: 111
A: Edit this file : /etc/mysql/my.cnf
And comment (#) this line : bind-address = 127.0.0.1
/etc/init.d/mysql restart